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Model- and auth-profile Q&A. For setup, sessions, gateway, channels, and troubleshooting, see the main FAQ.

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Models: defaults, selection, aliases, switching

OpenClaw’s default model is whatever you set as:
agents.defaults.model.primary
Models are referenced as provider/model (example: openai/gpt-5.5 or anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-6). If you omit the provider, OpenClaw first tries an alias, then a unique configured-provider match for that exact model id, and only then falls back to the configured default provider as a deprecated compatibility path. If that provider no longer exposes the configured default model, OpenClaw falls back to the first configured provider/model instead of surfacing a stale removed-provider default. You should still explicitly set provider/model.
Recommended default: use the strongest latest-generation model available in your provider stack. For tool-enabled or untrusted-input agents: prioritize model strength over cost. For routine/low-stakes chat: use cheaper fallback models and route by agent role.MiniMax has its own docs: MiniMax and Local models.Rule of thumb: use the best model you can afford for high-stakes work, and a cheaper model for routine chat or summaries. You can route models per agent and use sub-agents to parallelize long tasks (each sub-agent consumes tokens). See Models and Sub-agents.Strong warning: weaker/over-quantized models are more vulnerable to prompt injection and unsafe behavior. See Security.More context: Models.
Use model commands or edit only the model fields. Avoid full config replaces.Safe options:
  • /model in chat (quick, per-session)
  • openclaw models set ... (updates just model config)
  • openclaw configure --section model (interactive)
  • edit agents.defaults.model in ~/.openclaw/openclaw.json
Avoid config.apply with a partial object unless you intend to replace the whole config. For RPC edits, inspect with config.schema.lookup first and prefer config.patch. The lookup payload gives you the normalized path, shallow schema docs/constraints, and immediate child summaries. for partial updates. If you did overwrite config, restore from backup or re-run openclaw doctor to repair.Docs: Models, Configure, Config, Doctor.
Yes. Ollama is the easiest path for local models.Quickest setup:
  1. Install Ollama from https://ollama.com/download
  2. Pull a local model such as ollama pull gemma4
  3. If you want cloud models too, run ollama signin
  4. Run openclaw onboard and choose Ollama
  5. Pick Local or Cloud + Local
Notes:
  • Cloud + Local gives you cloud models plus your local Ollama models
  • cloud models such as kimi-k2.5:cloud do not need a local pull
  • for manual switching, use openclaw models list and openclaw models set ollama/<model>
Security note: smaller or heavily quantized models are more vulnerable to prompt injection. We strongly recommend large models for any bot that can use tools. If you still want small models, enable sandboxing and strict tool allowlists.Docs: Ollama, Local models, Model providers, Security, Sandboxing.
  • These deployments can differ and may change over time; there is no fixed provider recommendation.
  • Check the current runtime setting on each gateway with openclaw models status.
  • For security-sensitive/tool-enabled agents, use the strongest latest-generation model available.
Use the /model command as a standalone message:
/model sonnet
/model opus
/model gpt
/model gpt-mini
/model gemini
/model gemini-flash
/model gemini-flash-lite
These are the built-in aliases. Custom aliases can be added via agents.defaults.models.You can list available models with /model, /model list, or /model status./model (and /model list) shows a compact, numbered picker. Select by number:
/model 3
You can also force a specific auth profile for the provider (per session):
/model opus@anthropic:default
/model opus@anthropic:work
Tip: /model status shows which agent is active, which auth-profiles.json file is being used, and which auth profile will be tried next. It also shows the configured provider endpoint (baseUrl) and API mode (api) when available.How do I unpin a profile I set with @profile?Re-run /model without the @profile suffix:
/model anthropic/claude-opus-4-6
If you want to return to the default, pick it from /model (or send /model <default provider/model>). Use /model status to confirm which auth profile is active.
/model provider/model selects that exact provider route for the session.For example, qianfan/deepseek-v4-flash and deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash are different model refs even though both contain deepseek-v4-flash. OpenClaw should not silently switch from one provider to the other just because the bare model id matches.A user-selected /model ref is also strict for fallback policy. If that selected provider/model is unavailable, the reply fails visibly instead of answering from agents.defaults.model.fallbacks. Configured fallback chains still apply to configured defaults, cron job primaries, and auto-selected fallback state.If a run that started from a non-session override is allowed to use fallback, OpenClaw tries the requested provider/model first, then configured fallbacks, and only then the configured primary. That prevents duplicate bare model ids from jumping directly back to the default provider.See Models and Model failover.
Yes. Treat model choice and runtime choice separately:
  • Native Codex coding agent: set agents.defaults.model.primary to openai/gpt-5.5. Sign in with openclaw models auth login --provider openai-codex when you want ChatGPT/Codex subscription auth.
  • Direct OpenAI API tasks outside the agent loop: configure OPENAI_API_KEY for images, embeddings, speech, realtime, and other non-agent OpenAI API surfaces.
  • OpenAI agent API-key auth: use /model openai/gpt-5.5 with an ordered openai-codex API-key profile.
  • Sub-agents: route coding tasks to a Codex-focused agent with its own openai/gpt-5.5 model.
See Models and Slash commands.
Use either a session toggle or a config default:
  • Per session: send /fast on while the session is using openai/gpt-5.5.
  • Per model default: set agents.defaults.models["openai/gpt-5.5"].params.fastMode to true.
Example:
{
  agents: {
    defaults: {
      models: {
        "openai/gpt-5.5": {
          params: {
            fastMode: true,
          },
        },
      },
    },
  },
}
For OpenAI, fast mode maps to service_tier = "priority" on supported native Responses requests. Session /fast overrides beat config defaults.See Thinking and fast mode and OpenAI fast mode.
If agents.defaults.models is set, it becomes the allowlist for /model and any session overrides. Choosing a model that isn’t in that list returns:
Model "provider/model" is not allowed. Use /models to list providers, or /models <provider> to list models.
Add it with: openclaw config set agents.defaults.models '{"provider/model":{}}' --strict-json --merge
That error is returned instead of a normal reply. Fix: add the exact model to agents.defaults.models, add a provider wildcard such as "provider/*": {} for dynamic provider catalogs, remove the allowlist, or pick a model from /model list. If the command also included --runtime codex, update the allowlist first and then retry the same /model provider/model --runtime codex command.
This means the provider isn’t configured (no MiniMax provider config or auth profile was found), so the model can’t be resolved.Fix checklist:
  1. Upgrade to a current OpenClaw release (or run from source main), then restart the gateway.
  2. Make sure MiniMax is configured (wizard or JSON), or that MiniMax auth exists in env/auth profiles so the matching provider can be injected (MINIMAX_API_KEY for minimax, MINIMAX_OAUTH_TOKEN or stored MiniMax OAuth for minimax-portal).
  3. Use the exact model id (case-sensitive) for your auth path: minimax/MiniMax-M2.7 or minimax/MiniMax-M2.7-highspeed for API-key setup, or minimax-portal/MiniMax-M2.7 / minimax-portal/MiniMax-M2.7-highspeed for OAuth setup.
  4. Run: 
    openclaw models list
    and pick from the list (or /model list in chat).
See MiniMax and Models.
Yes. Use MiniMax as the default and switch models per session when needed. Fallbacks are for errors, not “hard tasks,” so use /model or a separate agent.Option A: switch per session
{
  env: { MINIMAX_API_KEY: "sk-...", OPENAI_API_KEY: "sk-..." },
  agents: {
    defaults: {
      model: { primary: "minimax/MiniMax-M2.7" },
      models: {
        "minimax/MiniMax-M2.7": { alias: "minimax" },
        "openai/gpt-5.5": { alias: "gpt" },
      },
    },
  },
}
Then:
/model gpt
Option B: separate agents
  • Agent A default: MiniMax
  • Agent B default: OpenAI
  • Route by agent or use /agent to switch
Docs: Models, Multi-Agent Routing, MiniMax, OpenAI.
Yes. OpenClaw ships a few default shorthands (only applied when the model exists in agents.defaults.models):
  • opus → anthropic/claude-opus-4-7
  • sonnet → anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-6
  • gpt → openai/gpt-5.4
  • gpt-mini → openai/gpt-5.4-mini
  • gpt-nano → openai/gpt-5.4-nano
  • gemini → google/gemini-3.1-pro-preview
  • gemini-flash → google/gemini-3-flash-preview
  • gemini-flash-lite → google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview
If you set your own alias with the same name, your value wins.
Aliases come from agents.defaults.models.<modelId>.alias. Example:
{
  agents: {
    defaults: {
      model: { primary: "anthropic/claude-opus-4-6" },
      models: {
        "anthropic/claude-opus-4-6": { alias: "opus" },
        "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-6": { alias: "sonnet" },
        "anthropic/claude-haiku-4-5": { alias: "haiku" },
      },
    },
  },
}
Then /model sonnet (or /<alias> when supported) resolves to that model ID.
OpenRouter (pay-per-token; many models):
{
  agents: {
    defaults: {
      model: { primary: "openrouter/anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-6" },
      models: { "openrouter/anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-6": {} },
    },
  },
  env: { OPENROUTER_API_KEY: "sk-or-..." },
}
Z.AI (GLM models):
{
  agents: {
    defaults: {
      model: { primary: "zai/glm-5" },
      models: { "zai/glm-5": {} },
    },
  },
  env: { ZAI_API_KEY: "..." },
}
If you reference a provider/model but the required provider key is missing, you’ll get a runtime auth error (e.g. No API key found for provider "zai").No API key found for provider after adding a new agentThis usually means the new agent has an empty auth store. Auth is per-agent and stored in:
~/.openclaw/agents/<agentId>/agent/auth-profiles.json
Fix options:
  • Run openclaw agents add <id> and configure auth during the wizard.
  • Or copy only portable static api_key / token profiles from the main agent’s auth store into the new agent’s auth store.
  • For OAuth profiles, sign in from the new agent when it needs its own account; otherwise OpenClaw can read through to the default/main agent without cloning refresh tokens.
Do not reuse agentDir across agents; it causes auth/session collisions.

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Model failover and “All models failed”

Failover happens in two stages:
  1. Auth profile rotation within the same provider.
  2. Model fallback to the next model in agents.defaults.model.fallbacks.
Cooldowns apply to failing profiles (exponential backoff), so OpenClaw can keep responding even when a provider is rate-limited or temporarily failing.The rate-limit bucket includes more than plain 429 responses. OpenClaw also treats messages like Too many concurrent requests, ThrottlingException, concurrency limit reached, workers_ai ... quota limit exceeded, resource exhausted, and periodic usage-window limits (weekly/monthly limit reached) as failover-worthy rate limits.Some billing-looking responses are not 402, and some HTTP 402 responses also stay in that transient bucket. If a provider returns explicit billing text on 401 or 403, OpenClaw can still keep that in the billing lane, but provider-specific text matchers stay scoped to the provider that owns them (for example OpenRouter Key limit exceeded). If a 402 message instead looks like a retryable usage-window or organization/workspace spend limit (daily limit reached, resets tomorrow, organization spending limit exceeded), OpenClaw treats it as rate_limit, not a long billing disable.Context-overflow errors are different: signatures such as request_too_large, input exceeds the maximum number of tokens, input token count exceeds the maximum number of input tokens, input is too long for the model, or ollama error: context length exceeded stay on the compaction/retry path instead of advancing model fallback.Generic server-error text is intentionally narrower than “anything with unknown/error in it”. OpenClaw does treat provider-scoped transient shapes such as Anthropic bare An unknown error occurred, OpenRouter bare Provider returned error, stop-reason errors like Unhandled stop reason: error, JSON api_error payloads with transient server text (internal server error, unknown error, 520, upstream error, backend error), and provider-busy errors such as ModelNotReadyException as failover-worthy timeout/overloaded signals when the provider context matches. Generic internal fallback text like LLM request failed with an unknown error. stays conservative and does not trigger model fallback by itself.
It means the system attempted to use the auth profile ID anthropic:default, but could not find credentials for it in the expected auth store.Fix checklist:
  • Confirm where auth profiles live (new vs legacy paths)
    • Current: ~/.openclaw/agents/<agentId>/agent/auth-profiles.json
    • Legacy: ~/.openclaw/agent/* (migrated by openclaw doctor)
  • Confirm your env var is loaded by the Gateway
    • If you set ANTHROPIC_API_KEY in your shell but run the Gateway via systemd/launchd, it may not inherit it. Put it in ~/.openclaw/.env or enable env.shellEnv.
  • Make sure you’re editing the correct agent
    • Multi-agent setups mean there can be multiple auth-profiles.json files.
  • Sanity-check model/auth status
    • Use openclaw models status to see configured models and whether providers are authenticated.
Fix checklist for “No credentials found for profile anthropic”This means the run is pinned to an Anthropic auth profile, but the Gateway can’t find it in its auth store.
  • Use Claude CLI
    • Run openclaw models auth login --provider anthropic --method cli --set-default on the gateway host.
  • If you want to use an API key instead
    • Put ANTHROPIC_API_KEY in ~/.openclaw/.env on the gateway host.
    • Clear any pinned order that forces a missing profile: 
      openclaw models auth order clear --provider anthropic
  • Confirm you’re running commands on the gateway host
    • In remote mode, auth profiles live on the gateway machine, not your laptop.
If your model config includes Google Gemini as a fallback (or you switched to a Gemini shorthand), OpenClaw will try it during model fallback. If you haven’t configured Google credentials, you’ll see No API key found for provider "google".Fix: either provide Google auth, or remove/avoid Google models in agents.defaults.model.fallbacks / aliases so fallback doesn’t route there.LLM request rejected: thinking signature required (Google Antigravity)Cause: the session history contains thinking blocks without signatures (often from an aborted/partial stream). Google Antigravity requires signatures for thinking blocks.Fix: OpenClaw now strips unsigned thinking blocks for Google Antigravity Claude. If it still appears, start a new session or set /thinking off for that agent.

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Auth profiles: what they are and how to manage them

Related: /concepts/oauth (OAuth flows, token storage, multi-account patterns)
An auth profile is a named credential record (OAuth or API key) tied to a provider. Profiles live in:
~/.openclaw/agents/<agentId>/agent/auth-profiles.json
To inspect saved profiles without dumping secrets, run openclaw models auth list (optionally --provider <id> or --json). See Models CLI for details.
OpenClaw uses provider-prefixed IDs like:
  • anthropic:default (common when no email identity exists)
  • anthropic:<email> for OAuth identities
  • custom IDs you choose (e.g. anthropic:work)
Yes. Config supports optional metadata for profiles and an ordering per provider (auth.order.<provider>). This does not store secrets; it maps IDs to provider/mode and sets rotation order.OpenClaw may temporarily skip a profile if it’s in a short cooldown (rate limits/timeouts/auth failures) or a longer disabled state (billing/insufficient credits). To inspect this, run openclaw models status --json and check auth.unusableProfiles. Tuning: auth.cooldowns.billingBackoffHours*.Rate-limit cooldowns can be model-scoped. A profile that is cooling down for one model can still be usable for a sibling model on the same provider, while billing/disabled windows still block the whole profile.You can also set a per-agent order override (stored in that agent’s auth-state.json) via the CLI:
# Defaults to the configured default agent (omit --agent)
openclaw models auth order get --provider anthropic

# Lock rotation to a single profile (only try this one)
openclaw models auth order set --provider anthropic anthropic:default

# Or set an explicit order (fallback within provider)
openclaw models auth order set --provider anthropic anthropic:work anthropic:default

# Clear override (fall back to config auth.order / round-robin)
openclaw models auth order clear --provider anthropic
To target a specific agent:
openclaw models auth order set --provider anthropic --agent main anthropic:default
To verify what will actually be tried, use:
openclaw models status --probe
If a stored profile is omitted from the explicit order, probe reports excluded_by_auth_order for that profile instead of trying it silently.
OpenClaw supports both:
  • OAuth often leverages subscription access (where applicable).
  • API keys use pay-per-token billing.
The wizard explicitly supports Anthropic Claude CLI, OpenAI Codex OAuth, and API keys.